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PRIMARY LESSONS 



IN THE 



Geography of Michigan 



BY 



HUBERT M. SKINNER, PH.D. 



CROSBY (& COMPANY 
CHICAGO. 






UBSARY of CONGRESS 
Two Cootes Received 

MAR 14 1906 

/^ CopyriffM Entry 
CLASS CO XXc. No. 
' ^ COPY B. 



COPYRIGHT, 1905, 

BY 

J. W. CROSBY. 



TO THE TEACHER. 

Michigan is an ideal state for the study of geography, 
geology, history, industries, and economics. In the prep- 
aration of this little book, something of each of these has 
been foreshadowed in primary lessons. 

The aim has not been merely to impart new informa- 
tion, but also to bring out whatever of pertinent ideas the 
pupil may already possess, and to develop his powers of 
original thought, natural deduction, and easy expression. 

Each of the simple lessons presented herein may be 
extended indefinitely with oral exercises. Nothing should 
be passed until it is fully understood. 

A large map of Michigan should be in use in every 
recitation, and constant reference should be made to it in 
illustration of the lesson. 



CONTENTS. 

Chapter First — Natural and Political Divisions 7 

Cha^'ter Second — Physical Geography of Michigan. 14 

Chapter Third — More about the State of Michigan 20 

Chapter Fourth — The Industries of Michigan 26 

Chapter Fifth— Something of the History of Michigan 31 

Chapter Sixth — More of the History of Michigan 37 

Chapter Seventh — An Imaginary Journey 43 

Chapter Eighth — Other Imaginary Journeys 54 

Chapter Ninth — Arms and Historic Names of Michigan 61 



Primary Lessons 
In The Geography of Michigan, 



CHAPTER FIRST. 

Natural and Political Divisions. 
I 

When we speak of Michigan, what do we mean? What 
is Michigan? Yes, it is a State. Do you know of any 
other States? Indiana is a State, and Ohio is a State, 
and they are both south of Michigan. There are many 
other States in this great country. Generally there are a 
good many counties in a State; and in these counties are 
cities and towns and villages and farms. It takes a large 
amount of ground and a great many people to form a 
State. Every State has a capital city, in which the 
State laws are made, and in which the State officers live. 

When the people of this country made it into States 
they had men divide the land among these and keep a 
careful account of the lines between them, so that every 
one might know in which State he lived. Men who do 
work of this kind are called surveyors. When the coun- 
ties were formed, the surveyors marked out the lines 
around them in the same way. And this was done also 
when cities were built. 



8 

States and counties and cities are called political di- 
visions. They are formed by men. There are other di- 
visions, which are called natural divisions, of land and 
water. 

Where we see some land entirely surrounded by water, 
what do we call it? We call it an island. Is an island a 
natural division or a political division of land? Who 
made the islands? Is a hill a natural division of land? 
Who made the hills? What do we call a very high hill? 
We call it a mountain. Is a mountain a natural division 
of land? Is a creek or stream a natural division of water? 
What do we call a large stream of water flowing through 
the land? We call it a river. Is a river a natural di- 
vision of water? Is a lake? Who made the lakes? 

Sometimes a body of land may be nearly surrounded 
by water. What do we call it then? We call it a penin- 
sula. Michigan is made up of two great peninsulas, and 
a number of islands. The great peninsulas are called 
the Southern Peninsula and the Northern Peninsula. 
In which of these do we live? The great peninsulas have 
many little peninsulas running out into the Great Lakes, 
which nearly surround them. 

Let us see what Michigan looks like upon the map. If 
you will put a mitten upon your left hand, and then place 
your hand, with the palm downward, upon a piece of 
paper, and trace with a pencil the outline of the mitten, 
you will find that it looks somewhat like the map of the 
Southern Peninsula — enough like the map to remind you 
of it. 



QUESTIONS. 

What is Michigan? What are some of the things which all States 
have? Give the names of three States that you know. Who make 
political divisions of the land? Are States poUtical divisions? Are 
counties? Are cities? Who made the natural divisions of land and 
water? Give the names of two natural divisions of land. Give 
the names of two natural divisions of water. What is a peninsula? 
How many great peninsulas are there in Michigan? What are they 
called? Do we live in the Northern Peninsula or in the South- 
ern Peninsula? Are there any little peninsulas in Michigan? 



II 

West of the Southern Peninsula is a very large lake, 
which we call Lake Michigan. East of the Southern 
Peninsula are two other vast lakes, which we call Lake 
Huron and Lake Erie ; and between them is a much small- 
er lake, which we call Lake St. Clair. 

What do we call a narrow passage of water connecting 
two larger bodies of water? We call it a strait. The 
word strait means narrow. We must notice the difference 
between this word and the word straight^ which means 
not crooked. There is a very famous strait at the north 
end of the Southern Peninsula. This is called the Strait 
of Mackinaw. It separates the Southern Peninsula from 
the Northern Peninsula. There are two important straits 
to the east of the Southern Peninsula. They are so long 
that they are called rivers. They are called the St. Clair 
River and the Detroit River. The St. Clair River flows 
from Lake Huron into Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit 
River flows from Lake St. Clair into Lake Erie. 



10 

Which way does the water in Lake Michigan flow? It 
flows northward, and then eastward through the Strait of 
Mackinaw, into Lake Huron. The water of Lake Huron 
flows southward, through the St. Clair River, Lake St. 
Clair, and the Detroit River, into Lake Erie. Then it 
flows into another great lake and into a long river, and 
finally it reaches the ocean, which is the largest natural 
division of water. 

So we see that the water flows around three sides of the 
Southern Peninsula of Michigan. Look on the map, and 
see how it does this. 

Sometimes the water extends into the land. What do 
we call this natural division of water? We call it a gulf, 
or hay. There are many little bays and two large ones in 
the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. The large bay on 
the east side is called Saginaw Bay. It represents the 
opening between the thumb and the rest of the mitten, in 
the drawing which we talked about. The large bay in the 
northwestern part of the Southern Peninsula is called 
Grand Traverse Bay. We might imagine it to represent 
a torn place in the mitten. 

The Northern Peninsula lies between Lake Michigan 
and the greatest of all the American lakes, which we call 
Lake Superior. This peninsula also borders upon Lake 
Huron. Between Lake Superior and Lake Huron is a 
natural division of water. W^hat did we call a narrow 
body of water connecting two larger ones? Sometimes 
we called it a strait, and sometimes we called it a river. 
This time we give it a still different name. We call it the 



11 

Sault, or ''Soo/^ when we speak of the one connecting 
Lake Superior and Lake Huron. This strait is called the 
Sault Ste. Marie. . S-a-u-1-t is a very strange way to spell 
'^Soo/^ is it not? Ste. is the abbreviation of the word 
Sainte. This is also spelt in a strange way. We spell 
the words as the French spelt them, when they came to 
Michigan long ago, as we shall learn later on. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is a strait? What famous strait Hes between the Northern 
Peninsula and the Southern Peninsula? On which side of the South- 
ern Peninsula are there two famous straits? What are they 
called? Why are they called rivers? Where is Lake Michigan? 
Where is Lake Huron? Where is Lake St. Clair? Which way does 
the water of Lake Michigan flow? Show on the map how the water 
flows about the Southern Peninsula. Where is the Sault Ste. Marie? 
What is the Sault? What is meant by the abbreviation Stef 



III 

Now let us see who are the neighbors of the people 
of Michigan. South of us are the two States that we 
mentioned before. What are they? They are Indiana 
and Ohio. South-west of the Northern Peninsula is the 
State of Wisconsin. East and north of Michigan, lying 
beyond the lakes and the straits, we do not find any 
States at all, but another country, which is called the 
Dominion of Canada. The great political divisions of 
the Dominion are not called States, but Provinces, and 
the Province lying east and north of Michigan is called 
the Province of Ontario. 



12 

Now let us see what we have learned about Michigan. 
Is the State a natural division, or a political division? 
What two great natural divisions are found in this polit- 
ical division? What smaller natural divisions? What 
States are south of the Southern Peninsula? What 
State is south-west of the Northern Peninsula? Let us 
write down the natural divisions of land that we have 
learned, — islands, peninsulas, hills, mountains. Now 
let us write the names of the natural divisions of water, — 
lakes, straits, rivers, creeks, and the great ocean. Now 
let us write the names of the four very important straits 
of Michigan, — The Strait of Mackinaw, the Sault Ste. 
Marie, the St. Clair River, and the Detroit River. 

What do we call a part of the land which is covered 
with trees? Yes, we call it the woods, or we call it a 
forest. What do we call a portion of land that contains 
no trees? We call it a prairie. Are there many small 
prairies in Michigan? Yes, a large number; and they 
are used very generally for farming. Sometimes a forest 
disappears, for the men cut down all the trees for lumber 
or for fire- wood. The place where the forest was is then 
called a clearing. Clearings often make good farms. 

Did you ever see a mountain? Are there any mount- 
ains in the Southern Peninsula? No, there are none. 
A range of mountains is a row of mountains. Did you 
ever see a range of mountains? Are there any mountains 
in the Northern Peninsula? Yes, there are the Porcu- 
pine Mountains and the Mineral Range, which form the 
backbone of the smaller peninsula which runs into Lake 



13 

Superior from the Northern Peninsula, and they extend 
down toward the south-west as far as Wisconsin. What 
very valuable metals are found in the region of these 
mountains? These are iron and copper. The iron and 
copper mines of the Northern Peninsula are exceedingly 
valuable. 

QUESTIONS. 

What are Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin? W^here is Indiana? 
Where is Ohio? Where is Wisconsin? In what direction from the 
Northern Peninsula is Wisconsin? In what direction is it from this 
place where we live? What is a forest? What is a prairie? What 
is a clearing? What is a mountain? Where are the Porcupine 
Mountains? Where is the Mineral Range of mountains? What is 
a range of mountains? What valuable metals are found in the 
mountains of the Northern Peninsula? 



14 



CHAPTER SECOND. 
Physical Geography of Michigan. 
I 

What is the largest division of water? It is an 
ocean. What can you say of the water of the ocean? 
Is it fresh or salt? Is it very salt? Did you ever taste 
any of it? Some large bodies of water not so large as an 
ocean have salt water. These bodies are called seas. 

Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and 
Lake Erie are called Great Lakes, because of their size. 
No lakes so large as these were known until these were 
discovered. They seem almost large enough to be called 
seas. Is the water of these lakes salt? How is the water 
supplied to these Great Lakes, so as to keep up the 
amount, when water is flowing out of them all the time? 
The pure water of our creeks and rivers, flowing into the 
Great Lakes, keeps them full. 

Where does the water come from that fills the creeks 
and rivers, and is carried by them into the Great Lakes? 
Of course, as we all know, it falls upon the ground, in the 
form of rain or snow. When the rain falls, and when the 
snow melts in the spring, the water soaks into the ground. 
At some low place, generally on the side of a hill, the water 
often runs forth from a little opening in the ground, and 
forms the beginning of a stream. What do we call such 
an opening? We call it a spring. In some countries 



15 

they call it a fountain. Did you ever see a fountain? 
What is the difference between a fountain and a spring? 
Do men make fountains? ,Who makes springs? Besides 
the water which soaks into the ground and comes forth 
again through the mouth of a spring, much of it runs down 
the hillsides, and goes directly into the streams which 
flow through the land. 

The State of Michigan is not so cold as it would be if 
there were no Great Lakes about it. The Great Lakes 
are of value to Michigan in other ways than this. They 
form a great highway for ships employed in trading with 
the people of the other States and with the people of the 
Dominion. They supply many hundreds of miles of 
beautiful scenery, which is very much enjoyed in the 
summer time, and which attracts many people from 
other States to visit our State in the season of vacation. 
The Great Lakes contain great numbers of fish of vari- 
ous kinds. 

We can see how the ground of Michigan slopes, by 
looking on the map and noting the way in which the river 
runs. The western half of the lower peninsula slopes to 
the westward, and the eastern half to the eastward. 
When a river is deep enough for steamboats to pass up 
and down it, we say it is a navigable river. Are there any 
large navigable rivers in Michigan? No, there is none. 
We have many rivers, it is true, but they are generally 
narrow, and they are apt to have swift currents, so that 
they cannot be used advantageously by large boats. 
Some of them are of great service, however, in floating 



16 

down the logs of trees which are cut upon their banks. 
The logs are floated down to the places where the mills 
are built, and this saves a great deal of labor in the moving 
of heavy timber. At the mills, the logs are sawn into 
lumber. 




Scene on the Clinton River. 



QUESTIONS. 

What is an ocean? What can you tell of the water of the ocean? 
Give the names of four of the Great Lakes. Why are they called 
Great Lakes? Tell some good which the Great Lakes do to Michigan. 
How can we tell in what direction the land slopes, by looking on the 
map? What is a river? What is a navigable river? Has Michigan 
many rivers? Has it any large navigable rivers? How are the 
rivers of Michigan useful to the men who own lumber mills? 



II. 
Besides the rivers and creeks, there are a great many 
little lakes in Michigan. Perhaps no one has counted all 



17 

of them, but there are about five thousand little lakes in 
the State. Often these are very beautiful. Sometimes 
there are springs in the bottoms of the lakes, and some- 
times little lakes are supplied wholly by the streams 
which flow into them. 

What do we mean when we speak of the soil? We 
mean the ground. Let us study something about the 
soil of Michigan. Deep down under the ground there are 
rocks, upon which the land is built up. Over these rocks 
lies the soil. It is the kind of land which is called drift. 
The science of geology, which you may study in years to 
come, tells us a great deal about this drift. It is made up 
chiefly of clay, sand, gravel, and big stones which we 
call boulders. 

This drift was not always here where we find it to- 
day. It was brought down from the regions far to the 
north, in what is now called the Dominion of Canada. 
Ages and ages ago, before the land was prepared for men 
to live upon it, there came a time when it was very, very 
cold in the regions to the north, and an immense mass of 
ice was formed, hundreds of miles wide, and perhaps 
hundreds of feet high, which covered the northern country. 
The ice was gradually pushed southward, in a manner 
which is explained in books of geology, until it covered the 
whole Peninsula. As the ice was pushed southward, it 
acted like a great plow, or scraper; and it dug up and 
pushed before it huge masses of rocks, which it ground 
into clay and sand. In this way the clay and sand were 
brought hither. Not all the big pieces of rock which 



18 

were pushed b}^ the ice were crushed and ground up by 
it. Often we find in Michigan the large stones which we 
call boulders, which were left by the mass of ice, 
when this began to melt. A great mass of moving ice is 
called a glacier; and the time when the glaciers were at 
work is known as the Glacial period. Nobody knows how 
long ago this was, but it was many thousands of years 
ago. The heavy ice scooped out hollows here and there, 
forming valleys and lake beds. When great masses of 
ice melted, they formed rivers and lakes. 

QUESTIONS. 

Are there a great many lakes in Michigan? Are they generally 
large or small? Are they apt to be pretty? How many small lakes 
do you know about? Where does the water of the little lakes come 
from? What is the soilf What kind of land is called drift? 
What do we call thebigstones that we find on the land? Were the 
boulders always here? Where do we find them? Was the drift? 
Where did this come from? What is glacier? Are there any 
glaciers in Michigan now? What did the glaciers do in this country, 
many thousands of years ago? 



Ill 

What is mndf It is chiefly made up of the sub- 
stance which the chemists call silica. Men make silica 
into glass. What do we mean when we say that glass is 
transparent f We mean that we can see through it clearly . 
Can you see anything that looks like glass in the grains of 
sand, when you examine them carefully? Clay also con- 
tains a great deal of silica. 



19 

In addition to the sand and clay, we find that the 
soil contains a good deal of matter which formerly made 
up the bodies of plants and animals. When leaves and 
logs die, they slowly decay, like the bodies of dead ani- 
mals; and the decayed substances are added to the soil 
and enrich it, and cause it to yield better crops. 

The substance which is made of decayed plants and 
bodies of animals is called mold. When there is a great 
deal of mold in the soil, we say that the soil is rich. We 
mean, by this, that it will produce a great deal of the things 
which the farmer plants. Sometimes the soil is found 
to have but little mold, and the farmer cannot raise much 
upon it. Sand does not make the soil rich, but it makes 
It warm, and it allows the water to soak away through 
It; and so it is not a bad thing for the soil to have some 
sand in it. 

The farms in Michigan contain different kinds of 
soil. Some are good for one thing, and some are good 
for another, so that farmers of Michigan raise many 
varieties of products. Varieties means different kinds, 

QUESTIONS. 

What is sand? What do men make of silica? What is meant by 
transparent? Does clay contain much silica? What is mold? 
Does mold make the soil rich? Does sand? What good does sand 
do to the soil? W^hatis meant by varieties of products? What is 
meant by varieties of soil? 



20 



CHAPTER THIRD. 
More About the State of Michigan. 
I 

In this great country which we call the United 
States, there are 45 States. Some of these are very 
large, and some are very small. Michigan is a large 
State. There are only eighteen States that contain more 
land than Michigan, and there are only eight that contain 
a greater number of people. 

What do we call the number of people living in a 
State? We call it the population. There are only eight 
States that have a greater population than Michigan has, 
and there are thirty-six that have a smaller population. 

A State is divided into counties, for convenience in 
matters of government. We have noted before that 
the capital of Michigan is the city of Lansing, which is 
the place where the laws of Michigan are made, and where 
the State officers live. Every county has a kind of 
capital, which we call a county seat. To this town or 
city the people must come to have important papers, 
such as deeds, recorded, and to transact business they 
may have in court, such as the settlement of difficulties 
and disputes between different citizens, the settlement 
of estates, etc. In some States, where the counties are 
ver}^ large, the farmers and others often have to travel 



21 

a long distance to reach the county seat. It is much 
more convenient to have the counties smaller. 

If you count them, you will find that there are 
eighty-three counties in Michigan. Of these, there are six- 
ty-nine in the Southern Peninsula, and fourteen in the 
Northern Peninsula. A glance at the map will show you 
that a very large number of the counties of the Southern 
Peninsula are nearly square. The country is so level that 
it was easy to have the boundary lines run straight north- 
and-south and east-and-west. Where the country is a 
good deal broken by mountains and rivers, it is often 
very inconvenient to lay out the counties in this way. 
If you will look at the map of the Northern Peninsula, 
you will find that the counties are not nearly so regular 
as they are in the Southern. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is the name of our country? How many States does it 
contain? Is Michigan a large State? How many states in this 
country contain more land than Michigan? How many contain 
less? What is meant by population? How many States are 
larger in population than Michigan? How many aie smaller in 
population? What is the capital city of a State? What is a county 
seat? lor what purposes do the people living in all parts of the 
county have to visit the county seat ? Why is it an advantage to 
some of the farmers to have the counties small? How many counties 
are there in Michigan? How many are in the Northern Peninsula? 
How many are in the Southern Peninsula? In what kind of country 
are the counties apt to be nearly square? In what kind of country 
is it difficult to make them square? 



22 




II 

There are several interesting islands belonging to the 
State of Michigan. One of these is Mackinac Island, in 

Lake Huron, near the Strait of 
Mackinaw. We shall learn some- 
thing more about this when we 
study the history of Michigan. 
Near to Mackinac Island is a larger 
island, called Bois Blanc (bob-lo) . 
The name means white wood. It 
is a French name. Like most 
French names, it is spelt in a way 
that seems very singular to us. 
The largest island in Lake Mich- 
igan is Beaver Island. Near it 
are Little Beaver Island, Garden 
Island, Hog Island, and some other 
small islands. Further up the 
lake are North Fox Island and South Fox Island. Still 
further up are North Manitou and South Manitou Islands. 
The word Manitou is an Indian word, meaning God. 

Now let us compare our State of Michigan with some 
of the other States. Perhaps you have all heard of 
Georgia, which is often called the Empire State of the 
South, and which supplies to us such an abundance of 
watermelons, peanuts, rice, and cotton. In the amount 
of land, Michigan is the next smaller than Georgia, and it 
is the next larger than Florida. It is considerably larger 
than Illinois or Wisconsin. Georgia and Florida are both 



Arch Rock on Mackinac 
Island. 



23 

a long way off. You will study about them when you 
are older. 

In population, Michigan is the next smaller than 
Indiana, and the next larger than Iowa. The amount of 
land which a State contains is called its area. The area 
of Michigan is 58,915 miles. It is not easy to remember 
these figures, and it is not necessary that we should do so. 
^Vhen we state a thing not quite correctly, but nearly so, 
we say that we state it approximately. Often it is con- 
venient to state very large numbers approximately, be- 
cause we can thus remember them more easily. Let us 
remember, then, that Michigan has less than sixty thou- 
sand square miles, and nearly two and one half millions 
of people. Let us see if we can remember these approxi- 
mate statements. The largest city in Michigan, which 
is the City of Detroit, contains a population of 285,704. 
Let us say, approximately, that its population is two 
hundred and eighty-six thousand. This is almost exactly 
the same as the population of Milwaukee, Wis. It is 
also almost the same as the population of the famous city 
of New Orleans, away down south, near the Gulf of Mexico. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is an island? Are there any islands in the State of Mich- 
igan? Give the names of two of these. What is the area of a State? 
What State is next larger than Michigan in area? What do we mean 
when we speak of stating numbers aproximately? What is the 
approximate area of Michigan? What is the approximate popula- 
tion? Why do we often state very large numbers approximately, 
rather than exactly? What is the largest city in Michigan? With 
what other cities is it compared in size? 



24 

III 

AVhat important building in the county seat belongs 
to the county? The court house; but often there are 
other buildings belonging to the county in the county 
seat, such as the jail, the asylum for the poor, etc. Court 
is held in the court house, and nearly always the county 
officers, such as the County Treasurer, the County Clerk, 
etc., have their offices in the same building. 

Michigan has many thriving cities. What do we 
call the chief officer of a city? We call him the mayor. 
There are also in each city a city treasurer, a city clerk, 
etc. The largest city in Michigan is Detroit, which is 
often called ^The City of the Straits.'^ It is called this 
because the people who wish to reach Detroit by water 
from any considerable distance north or south must go 
through one of the two straits. You will remember that 
these straits are called rivers, as we learned in a previous 
lesson. On which of the straits is Detroit situated? 
It is on the Detroit River. 

What do we call the largest city in a State? We 
call it the metropolis. Long ago this word meant 
^ ^mother city,'' — that is, the oldest city in the State; and 
the oldest city was supposed to be the largest city. 
Sometimes, however, new cities grow very suddenly and 
build up until they are much larger than the ^ ^mother 
city." Is Detroit an old city? Yes, it is the oldest 
large city in the State,'so that we may call it the metropo- 
lis, for two reasons. It is a real ^ ^mother city," and it 
is the largest city in Michigan. 



25 

What important city of Michigan is on the strait 
which we call the St. Clair River? The city, Port Huron. 

What is the capital city of Michigan? Lansing 
is the capital. Can you state where it is on the map? 
Grand Rapids is the second city in size in Michigan. It 
is on the Grand River. Saginaw, on the Saginaw River, 
and Bay City, on Saginaw Bay, are also important cities . 
Jackson, Kalamazoo, Battle Creek, and Ann Arbor are 
also important cities. The city of Houghton is away up 
on the little peninsula running out from the Northern 
Peninsula. Escanaba, Marquette, and Hancock are 
important cities of the Northern Peninsula. 

QUESTIONS. 
Mention some building which we find at the county seat. What 
are some of the offices we find in it? What do we call the chief 
officer of a city? What do we call the largest city of a State? What 
did the word mean, a long time ago? Is the oldest city of a state 
always the largest? AVhat is the metropolis of ^lichigan? Is it an 
old city? What is it often called? Why is it so called? Where is 
Port Huron? What is the capital city of Michigan? Where is it? 
What is the second city in size in Michigan? On what river is it? 
Where is Saginaw? Where is Bay City? W^here is Jackson? Where 
is Kalamazoo? Where is Ann Arbor? Name four important cities 
of the Northern Peninsula? 



26 



CHAPTER FOURTH. 

The Industries of Michigan. 

I 

Let us see what Michigan produces. 

Everybody has heard of the Michigan peaches, which 
are so large and so juicy and so free from bitterness that 
they are thought to have no equal in the world. 

The great peach farms of Michigan lie along the 
eastern shore of Lake Michigan. For several miles in- 
land there are great orchards of peaches. A very long 
stretch of shore, known as the ^ ^ten-mile belt/^ is the most 
famous region for the raising of peaches. On the east 
side of the State, in what is called 'The Thumb/^ great 
quantities of plums are produced. 

In other parts of the country as far north as Michigan 
there are apt to be late and early frosts — late frosts in 
the spring, and early frosts in the late summer; and then 
the fruit is ruined, and frequently the trees themselves 
are killed by the cold. The Southern Peninsula is warmer 
in winter, and cooler in summer, because of the Great 
Lakes. The water is not so cold as the land in winter, 
nor so hot as the land in summer; and the winds which 
blow over the water keep the land in a more even temper- 
ature than we generally find in States so far to the north. 

Peaches and plums are by no means the only fruits 
raised in Michigan. Vast quantities of apples, pears, 



27 

grapes, and cherries are raised. Even where the ground 
is marshy and poor, and where it would seem to be almost 
worthless, peppermint and cranberries are produced in 
very large amounts. The peppermint is used for the 
manufacture of peppermint oil, which is used for flavoring 
candies, etc., and also for medicinal purposes. Michigan 
is famous also for its vegetables. 

The interior of the lower Peninsula, in the Southern 
part especially, is a famous farming country. Within 
recent years the preparation of light foods from grains 
has become a great industry; and the prepared '^break- 
fast foods" of Michigan consume, in their preparation, 
a great deal of the grains produced on the farms. 

Michigan is a famous State for lumber. In the 
Northern part of the Southern Peninsula were formerly 
enormous forests of pine trees. The soft wood of the 
ivhite pine is so easily worked, and is so durable that it 
is put to a great number of uses by carpenters and 
builders. 

The city of Chicago was built very largely, at first, 
of Michigan pine lumber. After the great Chicago fire 
of 1871, it was found necessary to require that other 
materials be used in the building of houses and stores. 
But Chicago is still a great lumber market, and consumes 
a large quantity of the Michigan product. Lumber, 
lath, and shingles are made of the Michigan pine, and 
these are shipped away from the State in large amounts. 
In the lower part of the Southern Peninsula, and all 
through the Northern Peninsula, hard-wood trees are 



28 

abundant, and the wood obtained from them is used in a 
great number of manufactures. 

QUESTIONS. 

Where is the famous ^Ten Mile Belt"? What fruit does it 
chiefly produce? What is chiefly produced in 'The Thumb"? 
Where is ''The Thumb"? What makes Michigan warmer in winter 
and cooler in summer than other States so far to the north? How 
does this help the fruit raisers? Does Michigan produce much of other 
fruits than peaches and plums? What are some of the other fruits? 
What are some other products of Michigan farms? Why do carpen- 
ters and builders like to use pine lumber? Where were there former 
vast forests of pine trees? What besides lumber is produced from 
pine forests? Why is less lumber used for building houses in great 
cities than was used long ago? What kinds of wood are found in the 
southern part of Michigan? For what are these valuable? 



II 

In former days there were hundreds of small vessels, 
owned by individuals, which carried lumber over the 
Great Lakes. Now the vessels are fewer and much larger, 
and are owned by great companies of business men who 
are united in what are called corporatio7is. In the North- 
ern Peninsula are great mines of iron and copper. They 
are so near to the lakes that it is easy to load the metals 
upon ships, to be carried to the great manufactories. 
When iron and copper or other metals are found in the 
ground, they are called ores. It is cheaper to move 
heavy articles by water than by land. And so the ores 
may be cheaply removed from the mines to the places 



29 

where they are made up into manufactured articles of 
various kinds. 

The Southern Peninsula produces a great quantity of 
salt. In fact, Michigan leads all other States in the 
amount of salt it produces. Is salt heavy? Yes, it is 
very heavy; and like the ores of coal and iron, it can be 
moved easily and cheaply by water. 

Michigan catches more fresh-water fish than any other 
State. The fish are generally salted, and shipped to 
various markets. 

The number of vessels passing through the Detroit 
river, on their long journeys between the East and the 
West, is simply enormous. The freight which is carried 
through this strait is greater in amount than that which 
is carried out from all the Atlantic seaports to foreign lands. 

The railways of the Southern Peninsula pass through 
Canada, crossing the straits on enormous bridges, or else 
they pass southward into Indiana and Ohio, to reach 
the great markets outside the State. The railways run- 
ning north and south are of less importance, but do a 
large amount of transportation. 

A further source of wealth to the people of Michigan is 
the entertainment of visitors. Thousands of people from 
other States visit the lake ports in the summer season. 
Great hotels have been built for their accommodation at 
the famous lake resorts, and many diversions are pro- 
vided for their entertainment. Wealthy people have 
costly and beautiful summer cottages on the shores of 
the Great Lakes, or on the large number of small inland 



30 

lakes. The health resorts of Michigan are sought by in- 
valids, whose lives are often prolonged by their visits to 
these places. 

A place where things are made in large quantities is 
called a factory, and the things that are made are called 
manufactures. There are many, many factories in Michi- 
gan. Machinery of all kinds, household furniture, build- 
ing materials, cars, wagons and carriages, stoves and 
heating apparatus, flour and prepared foods, paper and 
wood-pulp, etc., etc., are produced in the thriving towns 
and cities of the State; and this gives employment to a 
great number of people. Michigan is a very busy State, 
humming with industry from morning till night. 

QUESTIONS. 

How do the lake vessels of to-day differ from those of a former 
time? What are corporations in the business world? What metals 
are found in the mines of the Northern Peninsula? What are ores? 
Which is the cheaper way to move heavy articles — to carry them by 
water, or by land? How does Michigan compare with other States 
in the amount of salt it produces? How does it compare in the 
amount of fish caught? What can you say of the amount of freight 
which is carried through the Detroit River? How do the railways of 
the Southern Peninsula pass out of the State? Which railways do 
the greater amount of business — those running north and south, or 
those running east and west? What is a factory? Are there many 
factories in Michigan? Give the names of six different kinds of 
things that are made in factories in Michigan. 



31 



CHAPTER FIFTH. 

Something of the History of Michigan. 

I 

Let us learn something of the story of the State of 
Michigan. The Story of the Hfe of a man or a woman is 
called a biography. What do we call the story of the life 
of a Nation or a State? 

Yes, we call it a history. Many nations have very long 
histories, that run back for many hundreds of years — 
some even for thousands of years. America is 'called the 
New World, because it has been known to white men only 
a little more than four hundred years ; and all the Nations 
and States in America have short histories. Michigan 
has been a State not far from seventy years. Do you 
know any one seventy years of age? That is a good old 
age for a man or a woman, but it seems a very short time 
for the history of a State. 

Michigan became a State in 1837. Before that time 
it was a Territory or a part of a Province. Sometimes a 
Territory is a good deal like a State, but it cannot do all 
the things that States can do. It cannot elect its own 
governor. The President of the United States appoints 
the governors of the Territories. 

Before the white men came to America, there were only 
Indians, or red men, here. Did you ever see an Indian? 
How long the Indians had lived in what is now Michigan, 



32 

nobody knows. But it must have been a great while. 
The Indians had no books, arid did not write any histories, 
so that w^e know Httle about their story. The Indians 
did not have any cities nor any good farms, and the Indian 
population was never very large. It was nearly three 
hundred years ago that the first white man was ever seen 
here. Let us see who he was, and where he came from. 

When the New World was discovered, more than four 
hundred years ago, there were three great nations in 
Europe, across the ocean. These were the English, the 
French, and the Spanish. They sent out brave men in 
ships to claim the countries they might find, and to build 
towns, or settlements. The Spanish claimed the shores 
of the Gulf of Mexico, away down south. 

The English claimed the best part of the Atlantic 
shore, on the east. The French settled in the far north- 
east, near the mouth of the great river St. Lawrence, in 
what is now Canada. The English and the Spanish owned 
great stretches of sea coast. They did not go far into the 
country, but remained very close to the shore. The 
French did not have very much of the sea coast, and they 
began to go up their great river St. Lawrence, far into the 
country. They came to a place where another great riv- 
er from the west flowed into the St. Lawrence. This was 
the Ottawa. They went up this river in their canoes, 
and it led them further and further west. They were 
very brave men, to go in little companies hundreds of 
miles through the unknown wilderness, among the wild 
Indians. 



33 

There was a French missionary who came from France 
to Canada, and who was anxious to convert the poor In- 
dians of the West to the Christian faith. His name was 
Joseph Le Caron. With a company of friendly Indians 
and a few white men, he came in a canoe up the Ottawa 
river, almost to its very beginning. Then he was very 
near to a large body of water, which opened out into a 
still larger one. Father Le Caron now went on the shore 
and carried his light boat, keeping on his journey west- 
ward till he came to the larger body of water, and then 
paddled westward until he discovered the vast Lake 
Huron. 

No white man had ever seen so large a lake before, 
for the lakes in Europe are small. Lake Huron looked 
like an ocean. Father Le Caron could not see across it. 
How did he know it was not an ocean? How could you 
have told? There was then no map in the world that 
could show him anything about it. What is the water of 
the ocean like? Yes, it is like brine. It is very salt. Is 
the water of Lake Huron salt? No, it is fresh and clear. 

Father Le Caron discovered Lake Huron in the year 
1610. How many years ago was that? Twenty-four 
years later, a brave French explorer named Jean Nicollet 
(zhon nic-olay) passed up the lake and through the Strait 
of Mackinaw into Lake Michigan. Probably he was the 
first white man that ever set foot upon the soil of Michigan. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is the difference between a history and a biogra-phy ? Why 
do we call America the New World? About how long has Michigan 



34 

been a State? Mention some difference between a Territory and a 
State? What people lived in America before the white men came 
here? How many hundreds of years have gone since America was 
discovered by white men? What were the three great nations of 
Europe at that time? AVhat part of North America did the Spanish 
take for their own? What part did the English take? What part 
was left for the French? Did the French make the best of their poor 
part? What did they do? Who was Father Le Caron? What 
great discovery did Father Le Caron make? In what year was this? 
How long ago was it? How did Father Le Caron know that Lake 
Huron Avas not the ocean? What can you say of Nicollet? 



II 

In 1641, seven years after Father Le Caron discov- 
ered Lake Huron, two missionaries, Father Charles Raym- 
bault (rame-bo) and Father Jogues (zhoag), passed up 
Lake Huron and into the northern strait, reaching the 
greatest of all the Great Lakes — Lake Superior. It was 
not easy for them to go up this strait, since there were 
terrible rapids to pass, and the boats could not go through 
them. The water seemed rather to leap than to flow. 
The missionaries called the stream ^^the leap.'' That is, 
they called it that in French, for they did not speak Eng- 
lish. The French word for leap is sault. The name is 
still given to the strait, as we have seen, and we still use 
the strange French spelling of the word, though we have 
changed the sound of it from "so^^ to "sooJ^ Even now 
the great ships which pass between Lake Huron and Lake 
Superior cannot go through the rapids. They cannot be 



35 

carried around them, as the Frenchman carried their 
light canoes, but must make use of a great canal, which 
has been built around the rapids. 

We have seen how Lake Huron, then Lake Michigan, 
and then Lake Superior were discovered by the French- 
men from Canada. There is one more of the Great Lakes 
which touch Michigan. What is that? Yes, it is Lake 
Erie. It seems strange that this lake was not discovered 
first of all four. 

There was a bold French explorer and trader named 
Joliet (zho-le-a) who thought he might become rich by 
the discovery of great copper mines in the Northern Penin- 
sula. In 1669, with a few followers, he explored the Pen- 
insula in the summer, but failed to find what he was seek- 
ing; and when the cold weather was near, he journeyed 
southward through the Sault, and explored the northern 
part of Lake Michigan, then passed down Lake Huron. 

At the Sault there was at this time a mission, which 
the priests had established to teach the Indians the Chris- 
tian faith, and to help them in many ways. 

The explorers passed through the strait called St. 
Clair River, then through Lake St. Clair, then through 
the strait called Detroit River, and then they discovered 
the other Great Lake, which is called Lake Erie. Over 
this lake they returned to their home in Canada. 

QUESTIONS. 

What can you say of Father Raymbault and Father Jogues? 
What language did these missionaries speak? What did they call 
the stream between Lake Huron and Lake Superior? What did this 



36 

French word mean? How do we pronounce it now? What can 3^011 
tell of the French explorer Joliet? What Great Lake did he discover? 

Ill 

(Review.) 

Now let us see what we have learned of the history of 
Michigan. 

In ancient times it was inhabited by the Indians. 

The first white men who came hither were Frenchmen. 

They came from Canada, by way of the Ottawa river. 

Lake Huron was the first of the Great Lakes to be dis- 
covered. Father Le Caron entered it in 1610, nearly three 
hundred years ago. 

Next, Lake Michigan was discovered by the French 
explorer Jean Nicollet, twenty-four years later. 

Then Lake Superior was visited by Father Raym- 
bault and Father Jogues, seven years later. 

Last of all. Lake Erie was discovered by the French 
explorer and trader Louis Joliet, twenty-eight years later. 

All these man were very brave and bold, to risk their 
lives among the Indians, a thousand miles from the ocean. 

The early history of Michigan is more interesting than 
that of many other States, for it tells of men who were 
very heroic, and who endured great toils and dangers. 
Fathers Le Caron, Raymbault, and Jogues did this for the 
noble purpose of carrying the gospel to the heathen In- 
dians, and with no purpose of winning wealth or honors 
for themselves. Nicollet and Joliet were brave young ex- 
plorers, who aided the French in extending the territories 
of the King of France. 



37 



CHAPTER SIXTH. 
More of the History of Michigan. 
I 

What year is this? In what century are we Hving? 
Yes, this is the twentieth century. When a young man 
is nineteen years old, he enters upon his twentieth year. 
And so, when the world had finished nineteen centuries 
since Christ, it entered upon its twentieth century, al- 
though it had passed only nineteen hundred years. A 
century is one hundred years. We count time by centuries 
from a great event in history. What was that? Yes, it 
was the birth of our Lord. 

In what century were our Great Lakes discovered? 
Yes, it was in the seventeenth century. First, Lake 
Huron was discovered, in 1610; then Lake Michigan, in 
1634; then Lake Superior, in 1641; then Lake Erie, in 
1669. All these years were in the same century. It is 
not always easy to remember the exact years of historical 
events. 1610 was near the beginning of the seventeenth 
century, and 1669 was a little more than two-thirds 
through the century. So we may say that our four of the 
Great Lakes were discovered in about two-thirds of the 
centur}^, from its beginning; and we can remember that. 

The very early history of Michigan is interesting, be- 
cause it tells of men who were very brave and self-sacri- 
ficing, and because it tells how a great problem was solved. 



38 

Wherever the Frenchmen went, they claimed the 
country as the property of the King of France. They 
said it was his by right of first discovery. 

We have seen that the Enghsh held all the more val- 
uable parts of the Altantic coast. They remained close 
to the shore, because there were no roads leading into the 
country. But the French found that rivers and lakes 
were as good as roads, for traveling. If they could find 
rivers flowing south from the Great Lakes, they could get 
behind the English, and claim a great deal of the warm, 
southern country for the French King. 

Was there a great river flowing southward from the 
Great Lakes? Or was there a great river flowing into the 
Great Lakes from the south? Nobody knew. But long 
before any of the Great Lakes were discovered, a Span- 
iard named De Soto had discovered an enormous river 
flowing southward, away in the southwest. He did not 
know whence it came. Perhaps this enormous river, the 
Mississippi, might flow out of one of the Great Lakes, 
they thought. Does it? 

QUESTIONS. 

What is a century? In what century were the Great Lakes dis- 
covered? In what part of the century were the discoveries made? 
Is the very early history of Michigan interesting? Why? What use 
did the French make of the rivers? What did they suspect about 
the Mississippi River? Was their suspicion correct? How did the 
French plan to get behind the English and Spanish, and thus to se- 
cure a great part of America? 



39 

II 

At the Sault a great missionary, Father Marquette, 
had built a church and estabUshed a mission, about the 
year 1666. Soon afterward he returned to St. Ignace, at 
the strait of Mackinaw, where he labored among the Indians. 
Here he was visited by an ambitious young French ex- 
plorer, Louis Joliet, in 1672, and was persuaded to accom- 
pany him upon a search for the great river. They crossed 
Lake Michigan, and paddled up Green Bay and the Wis- 
consin river, and then traveled on land until, indeed, they 
did find the great river, the Mississippi, which they de- 
scended for some hundreds of miles. Then they returned. 

Later, a great French explorer named LaSalle went 
up Lake Michigan with a party of Frenchmen, and reached 
the St. Joseph river. Up this river he went, till he came 
to where the city of South Bend, in Indiana, is now. By 
carrying their boats a few miles, the party reached an- 
other river which carried them down into what is now 
Illinois. This was in 1679. They eventually floated in- 
to the Mississippi, and followed it down to the Gulf of 
Mexico, in 1682. 

Of course, they never found the great river flowing 
out of the Great Lakes to the south, for there is no such 
river. But the}^^ did find a water way which would lead 
all the way to the Gulf, and which they could reach by 
carrying their boats a few miles, now and then. 

And now the great secret was discovered. The 
French could get behind the English and the Spanish, and 
own the country all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. 



40 

It required a great deal of bravery to do this. But 
there were very brave men among the French. The good 
missionaries were ready to risk their hves to carry the 
gospel to the heathen. French traders were ready to 
dare a great deal in order to get rich by trading with the 
Indians. French explorers were willing to undergo great 
dangers to add to the countr}^ belonging to their king. 

A great chain of missions, forts, and trading posts 
was built along the shores of the Great Lakes and the riv- 
ers leading southward from them. The country was 
called New France. Men were all the time passing up and 
down the water ways from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. 
They called New France a province, or colony, of France, 
and we speak of their time as the Colonial period. 

QUESTIONS. 

What great missionary established a mission on the banks of the 
Sault in the seventeenth century? Where was Father Marquette 
visited by the French explorer Louis Joliet? When was this? What 
did these men try to find? Did they find the Mississippi? Did they 
find it flowing out of the Great Lakes? Did they go down the Mis- 
sissippi to the Gulf of Mexico? Who did, finally, succeed in going 
down the Mississippi all the way to its mouth, at the Gulf of Mexico? 
Tell the story of the great French explorer La Salle. How did the 
great river help the plans of the French? What use did the French 
make of their great water way from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico? 
What did they build along the fine of this water way? What did 
they call the country? Did the great plan of the French require the 
men to be brave? 



41 

III 

About the middle of the eighteenth century (in 1755), 
there began a great war between the French and the Eng- 
Ush. After long years of fighting, the English were vic- 
torious, and took Canada and all New France away from 
the French. And Canada belongs to the English (or the 
British, as we should now call that nation) to this day. 
It was in 1763 that the treaty of peace was signed, and the 
region we call Michigan became a part of the British pos- 
sessions. 

Only a dozen years later, the British settlers on the 
Atlantic coast broke away from the British, and set up a 
government of their own, which they called the United 
States. They took Michigan with them, and it became 
an American possession. It formed a part of various 
Territories, at different times, and finally it was 
made a State, and admitted into the Union, as we have 
seen. By this time a great many English-speaking people 
had come into Michigan, and very few of the old French 
inhabitants remained. 

Probabl}^ you can all remember what year it was 
when the United States became an independent nation. 
It was in the year 1776. Then it was that the Declaration 
of Independence was signed. On what day of the year 
was it signed? Yes, it was on the Fourth of July. From 
the Fourth of July, 1776, Michigan has really belonged to 
the American people, being a part of the United States. 



42 



QUESTIONS. 

In what part of the eighteenth century was there a great war 
between the French and the Enghsh? Who were victorious in the 
war? What was the result of the war? Later in the century, what 
war was fought between the British settlers on the Atlantic coast 
and the British nation? Which side was victorious in that war? 
What new nation did the British settlers form? Was Michigan 
made a part of it? When did the people of the United States 
become independent? On what day was their Declaration signed? 
How do we celebrate the day? 



43 



CHAPTER SEVENTH. 
An Imaginary Journey. 



Let us imagine ourselves about to make a journey 
through the two great Peninsulas of Michigan. Suppose 
we start from Mackinac Island, for our first trip, and go 
southward. But first, let us study the island a little. 

It is not a large island— not nearly so large as Bois 
Blanc (bob-lo), which lies to the south-east of it. If it is 
in summer time, we shall find a great many visitors at 
both islands. Those who read Edward Everett Hale's 
famous story ''A Man Without a Country'' will find that 
the story opens here, where the writer is waiting for a 
steamboat that does not come. 

The island is very interesting in its history. For al- 
most three centuries people have been passing it or visit- 
ing it in their journeys over the Great Lakes; and if it 
could speak it could tell many and many a story of brave 
men and beautiful women of years gone by. Directly 
west is Point Ignace, where the French had a mission es- 
tablished when Joliet passed through the strait in 1669. 
South of the island, and across the strait, is the city of 
Mackinaw. Here the English had a fort in 1763, after 
they had taken Canada away from France. The Indians 
loved the French, but were enemies of the EngUsh; and 
in that famous year there was a general uprising against 



44 

the English. The Indians had planned to take the Eng- 
lish forts by surprise, and kill all the soldiers in them. At 
Mackinaw they played a great game of la crosse, and the 
soldiers of the fort looked on without suspicion. By a 
seeming accident, the ball was sent through the gate of the 
fort, and the players rushed in after it. Once inside, they 
seized the fort and massacred the garrison. 

The old-time Indian wars were not at all like the 
great wars of to-day. Very strong forts at the Strait of 
Mackinaw would now be required to keep warships from 
entering Lake Michigan; but happily there is no likeli- 
hood of our having another war with our neighbors in 
Canada, as we had nearly a hundred years ago, and we are 
not much interested in the fortifications about the strait, 
except as they make the scenery more picturesque. 

Let us take the car and run down to Petoskey. There 
we find a small launch, which will carry us over the bay. 
What bay is it? It is called Grand Traverse Bay. All 
along the shore there extends a row of tall, handsome lake 
cottages, as they are called. They seem more like fine 
old mansions. In front of each is a delightful lawn, and 
at the water's edge is a boathouse. How white the trunks 
of the trees are! Have they been whitewashed? No, 
they are simply birch trees, with white bark. Of this 
bark the Indians made many things, canoes among others. 
A birch bark canoe was very light, and easy to carry from 
one stream to another. 

North-west from Petoskey are Beaver Island and 
other islands of smaller size. In summer it is easv to 



45 

reach these islands by means of boats. In the winter 
time, when it is not safe to attempt to drive horses across 
on the ice, how is the mail carried over to these islands? 
Can you guess? Yes, dogs are used for this purpose, 
much as dogs are used in the Arctic regions. 

Taking a long run through the old pine lands, which 
have supplied such vast quantities of lumber in the past, 
let us journey south-west to the city of Manistee. How 
many thousands of Christmas trees have been sent from 
this region, to the people of cities in various States! 
What a great number of houses and barns and fences have 
been built of the lumber cut from the trees which once 
grew so thickly in this part of Michigan ! 

Here is Manistee on the map. Here we find a fine 
harbor. There are many saw-mills, cutting up logs into 
lumber, and one can scent the fresh odor of pine on the 
air. Here also are manufactures of salt. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is a journey? What is an imaginary lowvnQjl Is there 
any pleasure in imaginary journeys? Can we learn something from 
an imaginary journey? At what place does our journey begin? 
W^here is Mackinac Island? Is it a large island? How long a history 
has it? Where is Bois Blanc? Where is Point Ignace? When did 
Johet visit Point Ignace? Where is the city of Mackinaw? Tell the 
story of the capture of the British Fort by the Indians in the old 
time. When did this capture occur? Where is Peto&key? What 
can be seen at Petoskey? On what bay is Petoskey? Where is 
Beaver Island? What can you tell of Beaver Island? Where is 
Manistee. What can be seen at Manistee? 



46 



II 



Let us now follow the railway from Manistee to the 
southward until we come to Grand Rapids. This is the 
second city in the State, in size. It contains nearly a 
hundred thovisand people. The waters of the Grand 
River come tumbling down to a level, seventeen feet 
lower. There is great power in falling water, if we can 
make use of it. The rapids here have been harnessed 
and set to work to turn the wheels in the great mills on 
the banks of the river, and here is manufactured a great 
deal of furniture of various kinds. 

We see that a vast quantity of fruit is handled here, 
being shipped to various points. What dehcious peaches ! 




A Scene on the Kalamazoo River. 



47 

What rosy apples! Before we leave this city we should 
visit the Soldiers' Home, and note the affectionate care 
which the State bestows upon her sons who risked their 
lives for the Nation in the war. 

Let us next visit Kalamazoo, which is situated on 
the Kalamazoo river. This thriving city is in a famous 
farming region. It sends away an enormous quantity of 
celery. Here we find a college. To the east of this 
city is Battle Creek, famous for its manufacture of foods 
from grains, and for its factories where carts, engines, 
agricultural machinery, etc., are made. The name of the 
city has reference to an Indian battle of the long ago. 
In this city we find a college and a noted sanitarium. 

Still further east, we come to the city of Jackson. 
How many farmers we see in town, with their wagons! 
How busy the stores all seem to be ! Jackson must be a 
city of wealth and taste, if we are to judge by the houses 
on the principal streets. They are very handsome. 
What is that great building surrounded by a wall? It is 
a State's Prison, or Penitentiary. Michigan has one for 
each of the two great Peninsulas. 

Let us go northward now, to the capital. Lansing 
is a pleasing city, and was planned as a capital when it 
was first laid out, in the wilderness. The Grand River 
is here but a narrow stream. Let us visit the State House, 
and note the many interesting matters relating to it. The 
State House is often called the Capitol. The city in 
which it stands is called the capital. Do you note the 
differences between these words? In the State House we 



48 




The Capitol at Lansing. 

may see the Governor's office, the Supreme Court room, 
the two legislative chambers in which the State Senate 
and House of Representatives meet, etc. At Lansing 
are the School for the Blind, the Industrial School for 
Boys, and the State Agricultural College. 

Now let us take a trip northeastward from Lansing 
to Saginaw. This is not on Saginaw Bay, as one might 
think, but on the Saginaw River, seventeen miles inland. 
Here are some of the oldest factories in Michigan. They 
have been running for about seventy years. These make 
use of both pine and hard wood. They make doors, 



49 

sash, and shutters, house furniture, boxes, barrels, crates, 
etc. Further down the river, about four miles from the 
bay, are West Bay City and Bay City, on the opposite 
sides of the stream. Here we find more manufactories 
of wood, together with ship building, salt works, and 
fisheries. 

QUESTIONS. 

How do we journey from Manistee to Grand Rapids? On what 
river is the city of Grand Rapids? Of what use is the waterfall at 
Grand Rapids? What can be seen at Grand Rapids? What State 
institutions are in this city? Where is Kalamazoo? What kind of 
country is around it? Mention something that is sent out from 
Kalamazoo. Where is Battle Creek? Mention some things that are 
manufactured at Battle Creek. Where is the city of Jackson? 
What State institution is here? How many penitentiaries has 
Michigan? How do we reach Lansing? What State buildings are 
at Lansing? How do we go from Lansing to Saginaw? Where is 
Saginaw? What are some of the tilings manufactured at Saginaw? 
Where are Bay City and West Bay City? Mention some of the 
things manufactured at Bay City. What are some of the industries? 



Ill 

Let us take a boat from Saginaw, and go down the 
bay, and down Lake Huron to Port Huron. Here our boat 
passes over the longest tunnel that has ever been built un- 
der water. It is one and one-third miles long, and nearly 
twenty feet in diameter. It is, in fact, an immense tube 
of steel, connecting Michigan with Canada. There is a 
vast amount of freight carried through it, east and west, 
and many passenger trains pass through it every day. 



50 

Passing through Lake St. Clair, our boat brings us to 
the great city of Detroit. The name of this city is a French 
word, meaning strait; and Detroit is often called the City 
of the Straits, since it is approached through a strait from 
either direction, north or south. The St. Clair River and 
the Detroit River are both long straits, you know. 




The Harbor of Detroit. 

It is astonishing to note how much freight is carried 
through these straits. It is more than is carried through 
the great Suez Canal, of which you will study later. It is 
more than will be carried through the great Panama 
Canal, which our country is now building, and which will 
not be completed till you are young men and women. 

Detroit is a very old city for an American city. It 
was first built by the French, in Colonial days (in 1701.) 

We have seen how the Indians felt when the English 
took Canada and the region of Michigan away from the 
French; how the Indians loved the French, and tried to 
kill the English soldiers, so as to restore the French to 



51 

control. You remember how the Indians^ in 1763, 
played the game of la crosse and took the fort at Mackinaw. 
Well, the}' attempted to seize Detroit at the same time, 
and they might have succeeded if the British had not 
been warned by a friendly Indian to be on the lookout. 
When all this region became American, in 1783, at 
the close of the Revolutionary War, Canada remained 
attached to Great Britain. The white people of Mich- 
igan did not now belong to the same nation with the 
Canadians. But for thirteen years longer, until 1796, 
the British remained in control. It took them as long as 
that to close up their business here and take their leave. 
They were very sorry, indeed, to give up this beautiful 
part of the country. 

QUESTIONS. 

How do we continue our journey from Saginaw? When we go 
down Lake Huron do we go northward or southward? When we 
go down Lake Michigan do we go northward or southward. What 
is the reason for this difference? What does our boat pass over at 
Port Huron? Describe the Port Huron tunnel. Under what strait 
does it pass? Through what lake do we pass between the St. Clair 
River and the Detroit River? By what name is Detroit often 
called? What can you say of the amount of freight that passes 
through these straits? Is Detroit an old city? By whom was it first 
built? What happened at Detroit in the war when the Fort at 
Mackinaw was taken by the Indians? How did the British at De- 
troit escape destruction? After the Revolutionary war did Detroit 
continue to belong to British? Did the British leave Detroit at 
once. When did they wholly give up control of Detroit. 



52 

IV 

For a time Michigan formed a part of what was called 
the Northwest Territory of the United States. Then it 
formed a part of the Indiana Territory, which also includ- 
ed what is now Illinois and Wisconsin. Then in 1805, one 
hundred years ago, it was made into a Territory by itself. 
In all this Territorial period, Detroit was the principal city 
of the Territories which included Michigan. It was the 
greatest city of the West. 

In the year 1812, nearly a hundred years ago, the 
United States went to war with the British. Since 
Canada belonged to the British, we were at war with the 
Canadians too. An American army passed over from 
Detroit to conquer Canada, but was driven back. Then 
the British and Canadians came over to Detroit, to con- 
quer Michigan. 

We are ashamed to say that the American command- 
er surrendered at once, very disgracefully, and Detroit 
fell into the hands of the British again, and the British 
flag waved over the city. 

But the Americans rallied, and won some fine victo- 
ries, and soon Michigan was all theirs again. 

One could spend many days in studying this great 
city, passing through its beautiful avenues and parks, 
visiting its handsome buildings, watching the great pro- 
cession of ships that pass by, and noting the business of 
its factories and stores. 



53 

QUESTIONS. 

To Avhat Territory did the Michigan Peninsulas belong when they 
became a part of the United States? To what Territory did they 
next belong? When was Michigan made a Territory by itself? 
Was this country ever afterwards at war with Great Britain and 
Canada? Tell what happened at Detroit in the war. 



54 



CHAPTER EIGHTH. 

Another Imaginary Journey. 

I 

Supposing ourselves to be again at Mackinac Island, 
let us take another journey. A steamer will take us up 
through the Sault. In order to go around the rapids, or 




Locks of The Sault. 

^^leap/^ of the river, or strait, we pass through the great 
Sault Canal, which has been built around them. What 
immense boats go through this canal! They are loaded 
with grain, flour, lumber, ores, etc. 

We pass into Whitefish Bay, and then into Lake 



55 

Superior. This is the largest body of fresh water in the 
world. On the south shore, as we pass to the westward, 
are the famous Pictured Rocks. Here the rocks on the 
shore have been worn by waves and winds into many 
strange and beautiful shapes, and they are much admired 
by tourists. 

Let us land at Marquette. Here we see the great 
docks which have been built for the purpose of loading 
iron ore upon the steamships. The iron mines are close 
at hand, and the heavy ore is being constantly transferred 
to the immense boats ready to receive it. Large factories 
are at work, making up iron into machinery of various 
kinds. There is also much attention paid to fishing and 
limibering here. In this city we find the second Peni- 
tentiary, or State's Prison. We can leave the boat here, 
and take a train for Houghton. This is in the midst of 
the great mineral region of the Northern Peninsula. 
Here is located the Michigan School of Mines. Across 
a narrow strait is the city of Hancock, which is largely 
engaged in smelting copper ore — that is, in ex- 
tracting the pure copper from it. A long railway ride 
through a wild and broken region brings us to Escanaba, 
on Green Bay, which is engaged in shipping the heavy 
ores of iron and copper in vessels, which carry these to the 
great manufacturing centers in the States bordering upon 
the Great Lakes. 

If we pass up Lake Michigan from Escanaba to 
Chicago, we can find a number of steamers running from 
the latter city to Michigan ports every day. It requires 



56 

only about five hours to go from Chicago to St. Joseph; 
and as that is a favorite resort of pleasure seekers of the 
great city, we shall be apt to find the steamers crowded. 
St. Joseph is built upon a high bluff, overlooking the lake. 
As we sit upon the top of the bluff and look out upon the 
lake, or up the St. Joseph River, we are reminded of the 
company of brave Frenchmen under the leadership of 
La Salle, who came to this same shore and passed up this 
very river in their wonderful expedition, away back in 
1679. 

If it is summer time, we find the town full of pleasure 
seekers, and it seems is if the chief business of life here is 
to have a good time. 

QUESTIONS. 

From what place do we start for our next imaginary journey? 
How shall we journey from Mackinac Island to Lake Superior? How 
shall we avoid the rapids of the Sault? What kind of boats go 
through the Sault Canal? With what are some of them loaded? 
What can you say of Lake Superior? What are the Pictured Rocks? 
Where are they? Where is Marquette? What State building do 
we find at Marquette? What kind of factories are here? What 
kind of mines are near by? Is there much fishing and lumbering 
in this part of Michigan? How do we go from Marquette to Hough- 
ton? What State institution do we find here? What city lies 
across the strait from Houghton? In what industry is it engaged? 
How do we pass from Houghton to Escanaba? On what bay is 
Escanaba? What kind of country do you pass through? Do we 
find many ships at Escanaba? Mention something that the ships 
carry away from Escanaba. How do we go from Escanaba to 
Chicago? Do we go up Lake Michigan, or down? How do we go 
from Chicago to St. Joseph? Of what does St. Joseph remind us? 



57 

II 

As we go from St. Joseph through southern Michigan, 
visiting the towns and cities along the railways, we shall 
find many things to interest us. 

At Olivet, at Albion, at Alma, at Holland, and at 
Hillsdale there are excellent colleges. We have already 
mentioned the colleges at Battle Creek and at Kalamazoo. 
We see that our State is well supplied with colleges. 
These are not State institutions, but are supported by the 
different churches, or denominations, and are called 
denominational colleges. 

In all the cities and towns we shall see public schools, 
where the pupils of different grades or departments are 
taught in separate schoolrooms. These are called graded 
schools. Scattered all through the country districts are 
smaller public schools. All the public schools are sup- 
ported by public money, which the people pay in taxes. 
Such schools do not give religious instruction, or teach 
the doctrines of churches, and for this reason the various 
denominational colleges and schools have been established. 

The denominational institutions mentioned above 
are maintained by people of the Protestant faith. In 
addition to these denominational schools and colleges 
there are throughout the State many Catholic schools and 
colleges of prominence, located in Detroit, Monroe, 
Adrian, Big Rapids, Grand Rapids, Marquette, and 
Sault Ste. Marie. The Catholics and the German Luther- 
ans also provide parochial schools (schools of the parishes) 
for the instruction of children in the grades. 



58 • 

QUESTIONS. 

What are denominational colleges?- Where are some of these 
in Michigan? What are public schools? Why are denominational 
schools deemed necessary? Where are the leading Catholic schools 
of Michigan? What are the parochial schools of the Catholics and 
the lAitherans? 



Ill 

At Ann Arbor we shall find a great State institution, 
the university of Michigan, which is one of the most 
noted educational institutions in all America/ or even in 
all the world. Here are more than three thousand 
students. Very notable men have been connected with 
this university. They have not only taught the students, 
but have written a large number of books on various sub- 
jects, and these books have been studied by himdreds of 
thousands of boys and girls and men and women, scattered 
all over the Nation. 

At Ypsilanti is the great State Normal School, which 
prepares young men and women for the work of teaching. 
There are other State Normal Schools at Mount Pleasant, 
in the central part of the Southern Peninsula, and at 
Marquette, in the Northern Peninsula; but they do not 
prepare teachers for work in the higher grades. Ypsilanti 
is a peculiar name, is it not? It was the name of a brave 
soldier of the land of Greece, who fought for the freedom 
of his country, in the early part of the last century. You 
will read much about Greece when you grow older. 

The State Institutions, as we see, are scattered among 
the different cities of the State. We have mentioned the 



59 

two State Penitentiaries, at Jackson and at Marquette. 
It is sad to think that people will commit crimes, which 
render it necessary to keep them shut up for years, and 
sometimes for life, within the gloomy walls of prisons. 
There is a House of Correction at Ionia, where young 
offenders are sent, in the hope that they may be reformed. 

The State has established four Asylums, or Hospitals, 
for the Insane, at Kalamazoo, Pontiac, Newberry, and 
Traverse City. There is also an Asylum at Ionia, for 
the criminal insane. Sometimes at these institutions, 
by wise and careful attention, the insane people are re- 
stored to their right minds. The State has established 
two Industrial Schools, where the pupils learn useful 
employments. The one for the boys is at Lansing, and 
the one for girls is at Adrian. 

There is a State School for the Education of the Deaf 
and Dimib, at Flint, and there is a State School for the 
the Education of the Blind at Lansing, as we have seen. 
There is also located at Saginaw an institution for the 
Emplo}Tiient of the Blind. At Lapeer there is a State 
School for the Feeble-Minded children. We have already 
noticed the State College of Mines at Houghton, in the 
Northern Peninsula, the State Agricultural College at 
Lansing, and the Soldiers Home at Grand Rapids. 

All these State institutions are supported by the 
money which the State collects, in the form of taxes. 
People who live in Michigan do not have to go to the 
State capital to pay their State taxes. They pay them 
to the township treasurer, at the same time when they 



60 

pay their township and county taxes; and the State tax 
money is forwarded to the State Treasurer, at the capital. 
Michigan pays a great deal of money to support all 
these State Institutions, but it is money well spent. 

QUESTIONS. 

Where is the State University? What can you say of it? Where 
is the principal State Normal School? Where are the State Peniten- 
tiaries? Where is the House of Correction? Does the State of Mich- 
igan provide treatment for the insane people of the State? Where 
are some of the State Hospitals for the insane? Does the State pro- 
vide Industrial Schools? Where are they? Does the State provide 
for the education of the deaf and dumb? Where is the institution 
for that purpose? Does the State provide for the education of the 
blind? Where is the institution for that purpose? Does the State 
make an effort to strengthen the minds of the feeble-minded children? 
Where is the institution for that purpose? Where is the State school 
of mines? Where is the State Agricultural College? Where are the 
State taxes collected? 



61 



CHAPTER NINTH. 
Arms and Historic Names of Michigan. 

r 

Here is a picture which probably you have seen 
many times without paying much attention to it, and 
which doubtless you will 
see many more times. In 
fact if you continue to live 
in the State of Michigan 
you will be apt to run 
across it all through your 
life. 

A picture of this kind 
is called a coat of arms. 
It certainly does not look 
like a coat. It is not the 
picture of the limbs of a 
human body. Sometimes 
we use the word arms with 
a different meaning from this. Guns and pistols are called 
fire-arms, and other weapons are called arms. In the 
same way, these pictures came to be called arms. 

Hundreds of years ago, when there were very few 
people that could read, pictures were used in many cases 
to take the place of writing and printing. Every city 
had a picture to represent it; and the leading families had 




The Arins of the State of Michigan. 



62 

pictures to represent them — pictures which no other 
families had any right to use. Such '^arms" were espe- 
cially used in war time, to distinguish the great soldiers, 
and often they were embroidered on the coats or outer 
garments of the warriors. Hence they became known 
as coats of arms. 

Almost every Nation in the old time, likewise, had 
its coat of arms; and so the new Nations and new States 
have adopted designs for pictures of this kind, in order to 
be like the old Nations. 

There is an important use to which coats of arms can 
be put. It is necessary for official papers to have seals 
stamped upon them. When a President or a Governor 
issues a commission, a proclamation, or other official 
paper, this is stamped with the great seal kept in^his 
office. The coat of arms of the Nation or State is en- 
graved upon the seal. The stamp of this seal is a proof 
that the paper is genuine; for the seals are guarded with 
great care, so that they cannot be used for any fraudulent 
purpose. 

Sometimes there is lettering on coats of arms; and 
generally this is in Latin. In very ancient days it was 
almost always in Latin; and by having Latin words'on the 
newer coats of arms, these seem more like those of the olden 
time. In this picture of the coat of arms of Michigan, or, 
as we sometimes say, the arms of Michigan, there is an 
ancient shield, with a picture and some lettering upon it. 

Shields were used by soldiers many hundreds^ of 
years ago, when men fought with bows and arrows and 



63 

spears. The soldiers held their shields with their left 
arms, and fought with their right arms. They held the 
shields in front of them, to shield or protect themselves. 
It would do no good in our time for a soldier to hold out 
a shield in front of him on the battlefield, because the 
bullets would go right through it. Hence we do not have 
shields nowadays, except in pictures. 

What is the picture on the shield? It represents the 
sun rising on the water, with a little of the land in the 
foreground. Above this is the Latin word Tuebor, which 
means ^'I will defend. '' Above this is an eagle with 
out-stretched wings, which seems to be holding up the 
shield. Between its wings is what is called a scroll y 
which looks like a long strip of paper, and contains the 
words E Plurihus Unum. The meaning of this expression 
is '^Out of the many, the one.'' This means that out of 
the many American States the one great Nation arose, 
because the States joined themselves together and adopt- 
ed the Constitution of the United States, in order that 
they might be one people. 

The shield has what is called a supporter on each 
side. The supporters are animals. One is a deer, and 
the other is an elk. Both of these animals have been 
very common in Michigan in the past, and have been of 
great interest to hunters. 

Beneath the shield there is another long scroll, which 
contains this long Latin sentence : Si Quaeris Peninsulam 
Amcenam, Circumspice. It is not necessary for you to 
learn these Latin words now, but you may learn what 



64 

they mean. This is the sentence in Enghsh: ^^If you are 
seeking a dehghtful peninsula, look about you.'^ This 
had reference to the Southern Peninsula, which is, indeed, 
a delightful portion of our country ; but when the Northern 
Peninsula was added to the Southern, to form the State 
of Michigan, the motto applied to that also; for the 
Northern Peninsula, while very different from the South- 
ern, is delightful in its way, not only to those who love 
industry, but also to those who enjoy beautiful scenery. 
The coat of arms of Michigan is not only engraved 
on the great seal of the State, but is often used elsewhere. 
You will find it sometimes in stone or bronze in the 
parks and other pleasure grounds, and sometimes 
attached to the walls of public buildings. 

QUESTIONS. 

What name is given to the picture which represents the State 
of Michigan? Mention some of the different meanings of the word 
arms. Have coats of arms been long in use? How do we happen 
to use the word coats in speaking of these pictures? How did they, 
to some extent, answer the purpose of writing, before men had learned 
to write? Tell an important use that is made of coats of arms at the 
present time? Where words are written on coats of arms, in what 
language are they generally written? What was the shield which 
soldiers used to carry in the wars of the ancient time? Do soldiers use 
shields at the present time? Why do they not use them? Why 
'did the soldiers in ancient days have arms painted upon their shields? 
Are coats of arms painted upon pictures of shields at the present 
time? How many Latin expressions are found on the Michigan 
coat of arms? What is the meaning of ^^TueborV^ What do the 
scrolls look like? What Latin words are printed upon the scroll 
held by the eagle? What do they mean? What are the supporters 



65 

of the shield? What is the meaning of the Latin sentence printed 
on the lower scroll? Where do we sometimes see the Michigan coat 
of arms? 



II 

Whence did the people of Michigan obtain the names 
for their counties and cities? A great number of these 
are Indian names. Generally they are musical. The 
Indians did not have so many sounds in their language 
as we have in ours, and they lacked some of our harsher 
sounds. This was all the better for them. Often the 
Indian names were very pretty. Here are some of them : 
Lenawee, Manistee, Washtenaw, Muskegon, Chippewa, 
Mackinaw, Ottawa, Newyago, Shiawassee, etc. The Indians 
are all gone from a very large part of the State, and have 
left behind them only these names to remember them by. 
It is fortunate that so many of these names have been 
preserved. 

Some of the names of our counties and cities were 
bestowed in honor of the missionaries, who performed a 
noble work in the days of the long ago. Marquette county 
is named for Father Marquette, and Charlevoix county 
for Father Charlevoix. Some were named for the brave 
explorers of the old time, — as Schoolcraft, Cadillac, and 
Saranac. Some were named for the great soldiers who 
fought in the Northwest, long ago, — such as St. Clair, 
Wayne, etc. Some were named for Presidents of the 
United States, — as Jackson, Van Buren, and Monroe. 
Some were named for noted statesmen of Michigan. 



66 

The most famous statesman of Michigan thus far has 
been General Lewis Cass, who was for a long time Gover- 
nor, and then United States Senator. He was candidate 
for the Presidency in 1848, but was defeated. He served 
more than once in the Cabinet of the President of the 
United States. He was sent as United States Minister 
to Russia and to France, and for many years resided 
abroad, looking after our foreign interests with great 
ability. His statue was placed by the State of Michigan 
in the great Capitol of the United States at Washington, 
and you may see it if you ever visit that famous building. 
The statue of the good and brave missionary Father 
Marquette stands beside it, in the Statuary Hall of the 
National Capitol. 

QUESTIONS. 

Are there many Indian names on the map of Michigan? Are 
they generally pretty names? Mention some of the Indian names 
that are used in the geography of Michigan? Mention some of the 
names that have been given in honor of the old missionaries who 
labored in Michigan. Mention some of the names that have been 
given in honor of brave explorers of the old time. Mention some 
names that have been given in honor of soldiers. Mention some 
names that have been given in honor of Presidents of the United 
States. Tell something about the great statesman General Lewis 
Cass. Where can we see his statue, and the statue of Father Mar- 
quette? 



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